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## Original Article

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International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems 2021; 21(3): 243-250

Published online September 25, 2021

https://doi.org/10.5391/IJFIS.2021.21.3.243

© The Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems

## Orthogonal F-Contraction Mapping on O-Complete Metric Space with Applications

Gunaseelan Mani1, Arul Joseph Gnanaprakasam2, Nasreen Kausar3, Mohammad Munir4, and Salahuddin5

1Department of Mathematics, Sri Sankara Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Madras University,Tamil Nadu, India
2Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
3Faculty of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, ˙Istanbul, Turkey
5Department of Mathematics, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

Correspondence to :
Nasreen Kausar (kausar.nasreen57@gmail.com)

Received: December 25, 2020; Revised: May 2, 2021; Accepted: June 14, 2021

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### Abstract

In this paper, we introduce orthogonal concepts concerning F-contraction mappings and demonstrate some fixed-point theorems for self-mapping in a complete orthogonal metric space. Some well-known results in the literature are generalized and modified based on the demonstrated results. An example is provided to support our results, which are used in an application.

Keywords: Orthogonal set, Orthogonal complete metric space, Orthogonal continuous, Orthogonal preserving, Orthogonal F-contraction, Fixed point

### 1. Introduction

One of the most important results of a mathematical analysis is the famous fixed-point result, called Banach contraction theory. In several branches of mathematics, this is the most commonly used fixed-point result, and has been generalized in many different directions. One natural way to reinforce the Banach contraction concept is to replace the metric space with other generalized metric spaces. The fixed-point result in the setting of complete metric spaces was established by Wardowski [1], which is a generalization of the Banach contraction principle in metric spaces. However, in many branches of mathematics, the notion of an orthogonal set has many applications and has several methods of orthogonality. Gordji et al. [2] introduced the current concept of orthogonality in metric spaces and demonstrated the fixed-point result for contraction mappings in metric spaces equipped with the new orthogonality. In a generalized orthogonal metric space, Gordji and Habibi [3] proved the theory of fixed points. Sawangsup et al. [4] introduced the new concept of orthogonal F-contraction mappings and fixed-point theorems on orthogonal-complete metric space were proven. Orthogonal contractive-type mappings have been studied by many authors, and important results were obtained in [59].

In Section 2, for the subsequent usage, we remember some essential notes and definitions from the current literature. In Section 3, in an orthogonal complete metric space, we introduce a new F-contraction mapping and prove some fixed-point theorems for this contraction mapping. We apply our results to demonstrate the presence of a unique solution to the ordinary differential equation in Section 4.

### 2. Preliminaries

In this study, Ξ, ℝ+, and ℕ denote the non-empty set, positive real numbers, and positive integer sets, respectively.

First, we recall the notion of an auxiliary function, introduced in 2012 by Wardowski [1], as follows:

### Definition 2.1[1]

Let (Ξ, d) be a metric space. A mapping Ω : ΞΞ is said to be an F-contraction if ι > 0 and F ∈ ϒ such that

ι+F(d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ))F(d(ϖ,ϱ))

holds for any ϖ, ϱΞ with dϖ, Ωϱ) > 0, where ϒ is the set of all functions F : ℝ+ → ℝ satisfying the following properties:

• (F1) F is strictly increasing;

• (F2) for each sequence {ɛm} of positive numbers, we have

limmɛm=0iff limmF(ɛm)=-;

(F3) q(0,1)limɛ0+ɛqF(ɛ)=0.

In 2013, Secelean [10] demonstrated that, in Definition 2.1, the condition (F2) can be altered. The definition of an F-contraction of the Hardy-Rogers-type was introduced by Cosentino and Vetro [11]. In 2014, Piri and Kumam [12] demonstrated that in Definition 2.1, the condition (F3) can be altered. Later, in 2020, Popescu and Stan [13] proved some fixed point theorem concerning an F-contraction in a complete metric space as follows:

### Theorem 2.1 [13]

Let Ω be a self-mapping of a complete metric space Ξ. Suppose that there exists ι > 0 such that ∀ ϖ, ϱΞ, dϖ, Ωϱ) > 0,

ι+F(d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ))F(θ1d(ϖ,ϱ)+θ2d(ϖ,Ωϖ)+θ3d(ϱ,Ωϱ)+θ4d(ϖ,Ωϱ)+θ5d(ϱ,Ωϖ)),

where F : ℝ+ → ℝ is an increasing mapping, θ1, θ2, θ3, θ4, θ5 ≥ 0, θ4<12, θ3 < 1, θ1 + θ2 + θ3 + 2θ4 = 1, 0 < θ1 + θ4 + θ5 ≤ 1. Then, Ω has a unique fixed point ϖ*Ξ, and for every ϖΞ, the sequence {Ωmϖ}m∈ℕ converges to ϖ*.

By contrast, the definition of an orthogonal set (or O set) and the properties of orthogonal sets were introduced by Gordji et al. [2] as follows:

### Definition 2.2[2]

Let Ξφ and ⊥ ⊆ Ξ × Ξ be a binary relation. If ⊥ satisfies the following consecutive conditions,

ϖ0Ξ:(ϖΞ,ϖϖ0)         or         (ϖΞ,ϖ0ϖ),

then it is said to be an O set. We indicate this O set by (Ξ, ⊥).

### Example 2.2[2]

Let Ξ = [0, ∞) and define ϖϱ if ϖϱ ∈ {ϖ, ϱ}. Then, by setting ϖ0 = 0 or ϖ0 = 1, (Ξ, ⊥) is an O-set.

Now, we present the concepts of an an orthogonal sequence (O-sequence),, an O-complete orthogonal metric space, and a ⊥-preserving mapping.

### Definition 2.3 [2]

Let (Ξ, ⊥) be an O set. A sequence {ϖm} is said to be an O-sequence if

(m,ϖmϖm+1)         or         (m,ϖm+1ϖm).

### Definition 2.4[2]

The triplet (Ξ, ⊥, d) is considered to be an orthogonal metric space if (Ξ, ⊥) is an O set, and (Ξ, d) is a metric space.

### Definition 2.5 [2]

Let (Ξ, ⊥) be an O set. A mapping Ω : ΞΞ is called ⊥-preserving if Ωϖ⊥Ωϱ whenever ϖϱ.

In this study, we adapt the concepts of F-contraction mapping to orthogonal sets and prove some fixed-point theorems for an F-contraction mapping in the complete orthogonality of the metric space.

### 3. Main Results

In this section, we introduce a new F-contraction mapping, inspired by the concepts of F-contraction mapping, described by Popescu and Stan [13], and demonstrate some fixed-point theorems in an orthogonal-complete metric space for this contraction mapping.

### Theorem 3.1

Let (Ξ, ⊥, d) be an orthogonal-complete metric space, and an orthogonal element ϖ0. Let Ω be a self-mapping of Ξ. Suppose that ι > 0 exists such that

ϖ,ϱΞwith ϖϱ[d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)>0ι+F(d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ))F(θ1d(ϖ,ϱ))+θ2d(ϖ,Ωϖ)+θ3d(ϖ,Ωϱ)+θ4d(ϖ,Ωϱ)+θ5d(ϱ,Ωϖ))],

where F : ℝ+ → ℝ is an increasing mapping; θ1, θ2, θ3, θ4, θ5 are non-negative numbers; and θ4<12, θ3 < 1, θ1 + θ2 + θ3 +2θ4 = 1, 0 < θ1 + θ4 + θ5 ≤ 1, where Ω is ⊥-preserving. Then, Ω has a unique fixed-point tΞ, and for every ϖΞ, the sequence {Ωmϖ}m∈ℕ converges to t.

Proof

Because (Ξ, ⊥) is an O-set,

ϖ0Ξ:(ϖΞ,ϖϖ0)         or         (ϖΞ,ϖ0ϖ).

It follows that ϖ0⊥Ωϖ0 or Ωϖ0ϖ0. Let

ϖ1:=Ωϖ0,,ϖm+1:=Ωϖm=Ωm+1ϖ0,

m ∈ ℕ∪{0}. If ϖm = ϖm+1 for any m ∈ ℕ∪{0}, it is then evident that ϖm is a fixed-point of Ω. We assume that ϖmϖm+1m ∈ ℕ∪{0}. Thus, we derive dϖm, Ωϖm+1) > 0 ∀m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}. Because Ω is ⊥-preserving, we obtain

ϖmϖm+1         or         ϖm+1ϖm,

m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}. This means that {ϖm} is an O-sequence. Hence, we presume that

0<d(ϖm,Ωϖm)=d(Ωϖm-1,Ωϖm),m.

Now, let dm = d(ϖm, ϖm+1). Through the monotony of F, we derive ∀m ∈ ℕ

ι+F(dm)=ι+F(d(ϖm,ϖm+1))=ι+F(d(Ωϖm-1,Ωϖm))F(θ1d(ϖm-1,ϖm)+θ2d(ϖm-1,Ωϖm-1)+θ3d(ϖm,Ωϖm)+θ4d(ϖm-1,Ωϖm)+θ5d(ϖm,Ωϖm-1))=F(θ1d(ϖm-1,ϖm)+θ2d(ϖm-1,ϖm)+θ3d(ϖm,ϖm+1)+θ4d(ϖm-1,ϖm+1)+θ5d(ϖm,ϖm))=F(θ1dm-1+θ2dm-1+θ3dm+θ4d(ϖm-1,ϖm+1))F(θ1dm-1+θ2dm-1+θ3dm+θ4(dm-1+dm))=F((θ1+θ2+θ4)dm-1+(θ3+θ4)dm).

It proceeds that

F(dm)F((θ1+θ2+θ4)dm-1+(θ3+θ4)dm)-ι<F((θ1+θ2+θ4)dm-1+(θ3+θ4)dm).

Thus, from the monotony of F, we derive

dm<(θ1+θ2+θ4)dm-1+(θ3+θ4)dm,

and hence

(1-θ3-θ4)dm<(θ1+θ2+θ4)dm-1,

m ∈ ℕ. Because θ3 ≠ 1 and θ1 + θ2 + θ3 + 2θ4 = 1, we conclude that 1 − θ3θ4 > 0, and thus

dm<θ1+θ2+θ41-θ3-θ4dm-1=dm-1,

m ∈ ℕ. Therefore, the sequence {dm}m∈ℕ is strictly decreasing, and thus, limm→∞dm = d. Suppose that d > 0. Because F is an increasing mapping, limϖd+F(ϖ) = F(d + 0). Because m → ∞ in Eq. (5) , we obtain F(d0- + 0) ≤ F(d + 0) − ι. Therefore,

limmdm=0.

Next, we prove that {ϖm}m∈ℕ is an O-Cauchy sequence. Suppose that ε > 0 and sequences {i(m)}m∈ℕ and {j(m)}m∈ℕ of natural numbers exist such that i(m) > j(m) > m,

d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))>ɛ,         d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m))ɛ,m.

We derive

ɛ<d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))d(ϖi(m),ϖi(m)-1)+d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m))d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m))+ɛ.

From Eq. (6), we obtain

limmd(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))=ɛ.

Because d(ϖi(m), ϖj(m)) > ε > 0 and the monotony of F, we obtain

ι+F(d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m)))F(θ1d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m)-1)+θ2d(ϖi(m)-1,Ωϖi(m)-1)+θ3d(ϖj(m)-1,Ωϖj(m)-1)+θ4d(ϖi(m)-1,Ωϖj(m)-1)+θ5d(Ωϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m)-1))=F(θ1d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m)-1)+θ2d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖi(m))+θ3d(ϖj(m)-1,ϖj(m))+θ4d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m))+θ5d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m)-1))F(θ1[d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))+di(m)-1+dj(m)-1]+θ2di(m)-1+θ3dj(m)-1+θ4[d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))+di(m)-1]+θ5[d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))+dj(m)-1])=F((θ1+θ4+θ5)d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))+(θ1+θ2+θ4)di(m)-1+(θ1+θ3+θ5)dj(m)-1)F(d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))+di(m)-1+(θ1+θ3+θ5)dj(m)-1).

Because m → ∞, we derive ι+F(ε+0) ≤ F(ε+0). Therefore, {ϖm}m∈ℕ is an O-Cauchy sequence. Because (Ξ, d) is an O-complete metric space, we find that {ϖm}m∈ℕ converges to a certain point t in Ξ. If there exists a sequence {i(m)}m∈ℕ of natural numbers such that ϖi(m)+1 = Ωϖi(m) = Ωt, then limm→∞ϖi(m)+1 = t, and Ωt = t. Otherwise, there exists M ∈ ℕ such that ϖm+1 = Ωϖm ≠ Ωt, ∀mM. We assume that Ωtt. From Eq. (2), we obtain the following:

ι+F(d(Ωϖm,Ωt))F(θ1d(ϖm,t)+θ2d(ϖm,Ωϖm)+θ3d(t,Ωt)+θ4d(ϖm,Ωt)+θ5d(Ωϖm,t)),

and thus

ι+F(d(Ωϖm,Ωt))=F(θ1d(ϖm,t)+θ2d(ϖm,ϖm+1)+θ3d(t,Ωt)+θ4d(ϖm,Ωt)+θ5d(ϖm+1,t)).

Because F is increasing, we derive

d(Ωϖm,Ωt)<θ1d(ϖm,t)+θ2d(ϖm,ϖm+1)+θ3d(t,Ωt)+θ4d(ϖm,Ωt)+θ5d(ϖm+1,t).

Because m → ∞, we have

d(t,Ωt)θ3d(t,Ωt)+θ4d(t,Ωt)<d(t,Ωt).

Therefore, Ωt = t. Let t, rΞ be two distinct fixed-points of Ω. Thus, Ωt = tr = Ωr. Hence, dt, Ωr) = d(t, r) > 0. Because 0 < θ1 + θ4 + θ5 ≤ 1, we obtain

ι+F(d(t,r))=ι+F(d(Ωt,Ωr))F(θ1d(t,r)+θ2d(t,Ωt)+θ3d(r,Ωr)+θ4d(t,Ωr)+θ5d(r,Ωt))=F(θ1d(t,r)+θ4d(t,r)+θ5d(t,r))F((θ1+θ4+θ5)d(t,r)F(d(t,r)).

Therefore, Ω has a unique fixed point.

### Corollary 3.2

Let (Ξ, ⊥, d) be an orthogonal-complete metric space and an orthogonal element ϖ0. Let Ω be a self-mapping of Ξ. Presume that F : ℝ+ → ℝ is an increasing mapping, and ι > 0 such that

ϖ,ϱΞwith ϖϱ[d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)>0ι+F(d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)F(d(ϖ,ϱ)),

for all ϖ, ϱΞ, and Ωϖ ≠ Ωϱ, where Ω is ⊥-preserving. Then, Ω has a unique fixed-point in Ξ.

### Example 3.3

Let Ξ = [0, 1]∪[2, 3] and d : Ξ × Ξ → [0, ∞) be a mapping defined by

d(ϖ,ϱ)=max{ϖ,ϱ},

for all ϖ, ϱΞ. We define the binary relation ⊥ on Ξ by ϖϱ if ϖϱ ≤ (ϖϱ), where ϖϱ = ϖ or ϱ. Then, (Ξ, d) is an O-complete metric space. The mapping Ω : ΞΞ is defined as

Ωϱ={1,if ϱ[0,1],1ϱ,if ϱ[2,3].

Clearly, Ω is ⊥-preserving. Now, let us consider mapping F defined by F(t) = ln t. Let ϖϱ and ι > 0. Without a loss of generality, we may assume that ϖϱϖ. Note that if dϖ, Ωϱ) > 0, then

ι+F(d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ))F(d(ϖ,ϱ)),ϖ,ϱΞ

is equivalent to

d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)e-ι(d(ϖ,ϱ)),ϖ,ϱΞ.

We are now considering the following cases:

### Case 1

Letting ϖ = 0 and ϱ ∈ [0, 1], then

d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)=1and d(ϖ,ϱ)=1.

It is obvious that Eq. (9) is satisfied.

### Case 2

Letting ϖ = 0 and ϱ ∈ [2, 3], then

d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)=1and d(ϖ,ϱ)=ϱ.

It is clear that Eq. (9) is satisfied.

### Case 3

Letting ϖ ∈ [0, 1] and ϱ ∈ (0, 1], then

d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)=1and d(ϖ,ϱ)=1.

It is obvious that Eq. (9) is satisfied.

### Case 4

Letting ϖ ∈ [2, 3] and ϱ ∈ [0, 1], then

d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)=1and d(ϖ,ϱ)=1.

It is obvious that Eq. (9) is satisfied.

Therefore, all conditions of Corollary (3.2) are satisfied. Hence, Ω has a unique fixed point in Ξ, that is, a point ϖ = 1.

### Theorem 3.4

Let Ω be a self-mapping of an orthogonal-complete metric space Ξ. Suppose that ι > 0 exists such that

ϖ,ϱΞwith ϖϱ[d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)>0ι+F(d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ))F(d(ϖ,ϱ))],

where F : ℝ+ → ℝ is a mapping that satisfies the conditions (F2) and (F3), where (F3) F is continuous on (0, α), where α is a positive real number, and Ω is ⊥-preserving. Then, Ω has a unique fixed-point tΞ, and for every ϖΞ, the sequence {Ωmϖ}m∈ℕ converges to t.

Proof

Because (Ξ, ⊥) is an O-set,

ϖ0Ξ:(ϖΞ,ϖϖ0)   or   (ϖΞ,ϖ0ϖ).

It follows that ϖ0⊥Ωϖ0 or Ωϖ0ϖ0. Let

ϖ1:=Ωϖ0,,ϖm+1:=Ωϖm=Ωm+1ϖ0,

for all m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}. If ϖm = ϖm+1 for any m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}, then it is evident that ϖm is a fixed point of Ω. We assume that ϖmϖm+1 for all m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}. Thus, we derive dϖm, Ωϖm+1) > 0 for all m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}. Because Ω is ⊥-preserving, we have the following:

ϖmϖm+1   or   ϖm+1ϖm,

for all m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}. This means that {ϖm} is an O-sequence. Hence, we presume that

0<d(ϖm,Ωϖm)=d(Ωϖm-1,Ωϖm),m

From Eq. (10), we obtain

ι+F(d(Ωϖm-1,Ωϖm))F(d(ϖm-1,ϖm)),m.

That is

ι+F(d(ωϖm-1,Ωϖm))F(d(ϖm-1,ϖm))-ι=F(d(Ωϖm-2,Ωϖm-1))-ιF(d(Ωϖm-2,ϖm-1))-2ι=F(d(Ωϖm-3,Ωϖm-2))-2ιF(d(Ωϖm-3,ϖm-2))-3ι=F(d(Ωϖm-4,Ωϖm-3))-3ιF(d(ϖ0,ϖ1))-mι.

This means that

limmF(d(ϖm,ϖm+1))=limmF(d(Ωϖm-1,Ωϖm))=-.

By (F2), we derive the following:

limmF(d(ϖm,ϖm+1))=0.

Next, we prove that {ϖm}m∈ℕ is an O-Cauchy sequence. Suppose that 0 < ε < α and sequences {i(m)}m∈ℕ and {j(m)}m∈ℕ of natural numbers exist such that

i(m)>j(m)>m,d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))ɛ,d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m))<ɛ,m.

Based on the proof of Theorem 3.1, we have

limmd(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))=limmd(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m)-1)=ɛ.

From (10), we obtain

ι+F(d(Ωϖi(m)-1,Ωϖj(m)0-1))F(d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m)-1)),m.

This means

ι+F(d(Ωϖi(m),Ωϖj(m)))F(d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m)-1)),m.

Because m → ∞, using (F3), we obtain ι + F(ε) ≤ F(ε). Therefore, {ϖm}m∈ℕ is an O-Cauchy sequence. Because (Ξ, d) is an orthogonal-complete metric space, {ϖm}m∈ℕ converges to a certain point t in Ξ. Next, we prove that t is a fixed-point of Ω. Otherwise, Ωtt. If a sequence {i(m)}m∈ℕ of natural numbers exists such that ϖi(m)+1 = Ωϖi(m) = Ωt, then limm→∞ϖi(m)+1 = t and Ωt = t. Therefore, there exists M ∈ ℕ such that ϖm+1 = Ωϖm ≠ Ωt, ∀mM. Then, from Eq. (10), we obtain

ι+F(d(ϖm+1,Ωt))F(d(ϖm,t)),m.

Because m → ∞, using (F3), we obtain limm→∞F(d(ϖm+1, Ωt)) = −∞. Consequently, by (F2), we obtain limm→∞d(ϖm+1, Ωt) = 0, which allows d(t, Ωt) = 0. Therefore, t is a fixed point of Ω, and the uniqueness yields the same results as in the proof of Theorem 3.1.

### 4. Applications

Recall that, for any 1 ≤ p < ∞, the space Lp(Ξ, F, λ) (or Lp(Ξ)) consists of all values of complex-valued measurable β on the underlying space Ξ satisfying

Ξβ(w)pdλ(w),

where F is the σ-algebra of the measurable sets, and λ is the measure. When p = 1, the space L1(Ξ) consists of all integrable functions β on Ξ, and we define the L1-norm of β as

β1=Ξβ(w)dλ(w).

In this section, using Corollary 3.2, we show the existence of a solution to the following differential equation:

{j(r)=H(r,j(r)),a.e.         rI:=[0,T];j(0)=c,c1,

where G : I × ℝ → ℝ is an integrable function that satisfies the following conditions:

• (i) G(s, y) ≥ 0 for all y ≥ 0 and sI;

• (ii) for each p, qL1(I) with p(s)q(s) ≥ l(s) or p(s)q(s) ≥ q(s) for all sI, there exist γL1(I) and ι > 0 such that

G(s,p(s))-G(s,p(s))γ(s)1+ιγ(s)p(s)-q(s),

and

p(s)-q(s)γ(s)eU(s),sI,

where U(s):=0sγ(l)dl.

### Theorem 4.1

Consider the differential Eq. (16). If (i) and (ii) are satisfied, then the differential Eq. (16) has a unique positive solution.

Proof

Let Ξ = {wC(I, ℝ) : w(r) > 0 ∀rI}. The orthogonality relation ⊥ on Ξ is defined as

pqp(r)q(r)p(r)   or   p(r)q(r)q(r),rI.

Because U(r):=0rγ(s)ds, we have U′(r) = |γ(r)| for almost all rI. We define a mapping d : Ξ × Ξ → [0, ∞) as

d(p,q)=p-qU=suprIe-U(r)p(r)-q(r),p,qΞ.

Thus, (Ξ, d) is a metric space and a complete metric space. We define a mapping Q : ΞΞ by

(Qp)(r)=c+orG(s,p(s))ds.

Now, we show that Q is ⊥-preserving. For each p, qW with pq and rI, we have

(Qp)(r)=c+orG(s,p(s))ds1.

Accordingly, [(Qp)(r)][(Qq)(r)] ≥ (Qq)(r), and thus (Qp)(r)⊥(Qq)(r). Then, Q is ⊥-preserving. Let p, qΞ, where pq. Suppose that Q(p) ≠ Q(q). For each sI, we have

p(s)-q(s)γ(s)eU(s),

and thus

d(p,q)=supsIe-U(s)p(s)-q(s)γ(s).

Accordingly,

1+ιd(p,q)1+ιγ(s).

From (ii), for each rI, we derive

(Qp)(r)-(Qq)(r)0rG(s,p(s))-G(s,q(s))ds0rγ(s)1+ιγ(s)p(s)-q(s)ds0rγ(s)1+ιd(p,q)p(s)-q(s)e-U(s)eU(s)dsd(p,q)1+ιd(p,q)0rγ(s)eU(s)dsd(p,q)1+τd(p,q)(eU(r)-1),

and thus

e-U(r)(Qp)(r)-(Qq)(r)e-U(r)(eU(r)-1)d(p,q)1+ιd(p,q)=(1-e-U(r))d(p,q)1+ιd(p,q)(1-e-β1)d(p,q)1+ιd(p,q).

Therefore, we obtain

d(Qp,Qq)d(p,q)1+ιd(p,q),1+ιd(p,q)d(p,q)1d(Qp,Qq),ι+1d(p,q)1d(Qp,Qq),τ-1d(Qp,Qq)-1d(p,q).

Thus, F : ℝ+ → ℝ by F(b)=-1b for all b > 0. By Corollary 3.2, Q has a unique fixed point; hence, the differential Eq. (16) has a unique positive solution.

### 5. Conclusion

In this article, we demonstrated fixed-point theorems for orthogonal F-contraction mappings on an orthogonal-complete metric space.

### References

1. Wardowski, D (2012). Fixed points of a new type of contractive mappings in complete metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory and Applications. 2012. article no. 94
2. Gordji, ME, Ramezani, M, De La Sen, M, and Cho, YJ (2017). On orthogonal sets and Banach fixed point theorem. Fixed Point Theory. 18, 569-578.
3. Gordji, ME, and Habibi, H (2017). Fixed point theory in generalized orthogonal metric space. Journal of Linear and Topological Algebra (JLTA). 6, 251-260.
4. Sawangsup, K, Sintunavarat, W, and Cho, YJ (). Fixed point theorems for orthogonal F-contraction mappings on O-complete metric spaces. Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications. 22, 2020. article no. 10
5. Gordji, ME, and Habibi, H (2019). Fixed point theory in ɛ-connected orthogonal metric space. Sahand Communications in Mathematical Analysis (SCMA). 16, 35-46. https://doi.org/10.22130/scma.2018.72368.289
6. Gungor, NB, and Turkoglu, D (2019). Fixed point theorems on orthogonal metric spaces via altering distance functions. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2183. article no. 040011
7. Yamaod, O, and Sintunavarat, W (2018). On new orthogonal contractions in b-metric spaces. International Journal of Pure Mathematics. 5, 37-40.
8. Sawangsup, K, and Sintunavarat, W (2020). Fixed point results for orthogonal Z-contraction mappings in O-complete metric space. International Journal of Applied Physics and Mathematics. 10, 33-40. https://doi.org/10.17706/ijapm.2020.10.1.33-40
9. Senapati, T, Dey, LK, Damjanovic, B, and Chanda, A (2018). New fixed point results in orthogonal metric spaces with an application. Kragujevac Journal of Mathematics. 42, 505-516. https://doi.org/10.5937/KgJMath1804505S
10. Secelean, NA (2013). Iterated function systems consisting of F-contractions. Fixed Point Theory and Applications. 2013. article no. 277
11. Cosentino, M, and Vetro, P (2014). Fixed point results for F-contractive mappings of Hardy-Rogers-type. Filomat. 28, 715-722.
12. Piri, H, and Kumam, P (2014). Some fixed point theorems concerning F-contraction in complete metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory and Applications. 2014. article no. 210
13. Popescu, O, and Stan, G (). Two fixed point theorems concerning F-contraction in complete metric spaces. Symmetry. 12, 2020. article no. 58

### Biographies

Gunaseelan Mani was born in Tamilnadu, India. He received the Ph.D. degree in Mathematics from the Bharathidasan University of Trichy, Tamilnadu, India. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor of Mathematics in Sri Sankara Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Enathur, Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu, India. His research interests lie in fixed point theory and its application and best approximation theory.

E-mail: mathsguna@yahoo.com

Arul Joseph Gnanaprakasam was born in Tamilnadu, India. He received the Ph.D. degree in Mathematics from the Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India. He is currently working as an Assistant Professor of Mathematics in SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu, India. His research interests lie in fixed-point theory and its application and delay differential equations.

E-mail: aruljoseph.alex@gmail.com

Nasreen Kausar received her Ph.D. degree in mathematics from Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan. She is currently an Assistant Professor of Mathematics in Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Arts and Science, İstanbul, Turkey. Her research interests lie associative and commutative (non-associative and non-commutative) algebraic structures and their applications on fuzzy structures.

Mohammad Munir possesses Ph.D. degree in Applied Mathematics from the University of Graz, Graz, Austria. His research interests lie in the mathematical modelling of the biological system in the fields of the glucose-insulin dynamics, solute kinetics and haemodialysis using the ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Parameter identification, sensitivity analysis and generalized sensitivity analysis are more concentrated areas of his research. His other interests include the applications of the fuzzy sets theory to the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems.

Salahuddin received Ph.D. degree for his research work in Mathematics in 2001. He is a faculty member of Department of Mathematics, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. He is working on fuzzy set, fuzzy group theory, fuzzy ring and fuzzy ideal theory, variational inequality, and optimization theory.

Email: drsalah12@hotmail.com

### Article

#### Original Article

International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems 2021; 21(3): 243-250

Published online September 25, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5391/IJFIS.2021.21.3.243

## Orthogonal F-Contraction Mapping on O-Complete Metric Space with Applications

Gunaseelan Mani1, Arul Joseph Gnanaprakasam2, Nasreen Kausar3, Mohammad Munir4, and Salahuddin5

1Department of Mathematics, Sri Sankara Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Madras University,Tamil Nadu, India
2Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India
3Faculty of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, ˙Istanbul, Turkey
5Department of Mathematics, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

Correspondence to:Nasreen Kausar (kausar.nasreen57@gmail.com)

Received: December 25, 2020; Revised: May 2, 2021; Accepted: June 14, 2021

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### Abstract

In this paper, we introduce orthogonal concepts concerning F-contraction mappings and demonstrate some fixed-point theorems for self-mapping in a complete orthogonal metric space. Some well-known results in the literature are generalized and modified based on the demonstrated results. An example is provided to support our results, which are used in an application.

Keywords: Orthogonal set, Orthogonal complete metric space, Orthogonal continuous, Orthogonal preserving, Orthogonal F-contraction, Fixed point

### 1. Introduction

One of the most important results of a mathematical analysis is the famous fixed-point result, called Banach contraction theory. In several branches of mathematics, this is the most commonly used fixed-point result, and has been generalized in many different directions. One natural way to reinforce the Banach contraction concept is to replace the metric space with other generalized metric spaces. The fixed-point result in the setting of complete metric spaces was established by Wardowski [1], which is a generalization of the Banach contraction principle in metric spaces. However, in many branches of mathematics, the notion of an orthogonal set has many applications and has several methods of orthogonality. Gordji et al. [2] introduced the current concept of orthogonality in metric spaces and demonstrated the fixed-point result for contraction mappings in metric spaces equipped with the new orthogonality. In a generalized orthogonal metric space, Gordji and Habibi [3] proved the theory of fixed points. Sawangsup et al. [4] introduced the new concept of orthogonal F-contraction mappings and fixed-point theorems on orthogonal-complete metric space were proven. Orthogonal contractive-type mappings have been studied by many authors, and important results were obtained in [59].

In Section 2, for the subsequent usage, we remember some essential notes and definitions from the current literature. In Section 3, in an orthogonal complete metric space, we introduce a new F-contraction mapping and prove some fixed-point theorems for this contraction mapping. We apply our results to demonstrate the presence of a unique solution to the ordinary differential equation in Section 4.

### 2. Preliminaries

In this study, Ξ, ℝ+, and ℕ denote the non-empty set, positive real numbers, and positive integer sets, respectively.

First, we recall the notion of an auxiliary function, introduced in 2012 by Wardowski [1], as follows:

### Definition 2.1[1]

Let (Ξ, d) be a metric space. A mapping Ω : ΞΞ is said to be an F-contraction if ι > 0 and F ∈ ϒ such that

$ι+F(d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ))≤F(d(ϖ,ϱ))$

holds for any ϖ, ϱΞ with dϖ, Ωϱ) > 0, where ϒ is the set of all functions F : ℝ+ → ℝ satisfying the following properties:

• (F1) F is strictly increasing;

• (F2) for each sequence {ɛm} of positive numbers, we have

$limm→∞ ɛm=0 iff limm→∞F(ɛm)=-∞;$

(F3) $∃q∈(0,1)∍limɛ→0+ɛqF(ɛ)=0$.

In 2013, Secelean [10] demonstrated that, in Definition 2.1, the condition (F2) can be altered. The definition of an F-contraction of the Hardy-Rogers-type was introduced by Cosentino and Vetro [11]. In 2014, Piri and Kumam [12] demonstrated that in Definition 2.1, the condition (F3) can be altered. Later, in 2020, Popescu and Stan [13] proved some fixed point theorem concerning an F-contraction in a complete metric space as follows:

### Theorem 2.1 [13]

Let Ω be a self-mapping of a complete metric space Ξ. Suppose that there exists ι > 0 such that ∀ ϖ, ϱΞ, dϖ, Ωϱ) > 0,

$⇒ι+F(d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ))≤F(θ1d(ϖ,ϱ)+θ2d(ϖ,Ωϖ)+θ3d(ϱ,Ωϱ)+θ4d(ϖ,Ωϱ)+θ5d(ϱ,Ωϖ)),$

where F : ℝ+ → ℝ is an increasing mapping, θ1, θ2, θ3, θ4, θ5 ≥ 0, $θ4<12$, θ3 < 1, θ1 + θ2 + θ3 + 2θ4 = 1, 0 < θ1 + θ4 + θ5 ≤ 1. Then, Ω has a unique fixed point ϖ*Ξ, and for every ϖΞ, the sequence {Ωmϖ}m∈ℕ converges to ϖ*.

By contrast, the definition of an orthogonal set (or O set) and the properties of orthogonal sets were introduced by Gordji et al. [2] as follows:

### Definition 2.2[2]

Let Ξφ and ⊥ ⊆ Ξ × Ξ be a binary relation. If ⊥ satisfies the following consecutive conditions,

$∃ϖ0∈Ξ:(∀ϖ∈Ξ,ϖ⊥ϖ0) or (∀ϖ∈Ξ,ϖ0⊥ϖ),$

then it is said to be an O set. We indicate this O set by (Ξ, ⊥).

### Example 2.2[2]

Let Ξ = [0, ∞) and define ϖϱ if ϖϱ ∈ {ϖ, ϱ}. Then, by setting ϖ0 = 0 or ϖ0 = 1, (Ξ, ⊥) is an O-set.

Now, we present the concepts of an an orthogonal sequence (O-sequence),, an O-complete orthogonal metric space, and a ⊥-preserving mapping.

### Definition 2.3 [2]

Let (Ξ, ⊥) be an O set. A sequence {ϖm} is said to be an O-sequence if

$(∀m∈ℕ,ϖm⊥ϖm+1) or (∀m∈ℕ,ϖm+1⊥ϖm).$

### Definition 2.4[2]

The triplet (Ξ, ⊥, d) is considered to be an orthogonal metric space if (Ξ, ⊥) is an O set, and (Ξ, d) is a metric space.

### Definition 2.5 [2]

Let (Ξ, ⊥) be an O set. A mapping Ω : ΞΞ is called ⊥-preserving if Ωϖ⊥Ωϱ whenever ϖϱ.

In this study, we adapt the concepts of F-contraction mapping to orthogonal sets and prove some fixed-point theorems for an F-contraction mapping in the complete orthogonality of the metric space.

### 3. Main Results

In this section, we introduce a new F-contraction mapping, inspired by the concepts of F-contraction mapping, described by Popescu and Stan [13], and demonstrate some fixed-point theorems in an orthogonal-complete metric space for this contraction mapping.

### Theorem 3.1

Let (Ξ, ⊥, d) be an orthogonal-complete metric space, and an orthogonal element ϖ0. Let Ω be a self-mapping of Ξ. Suppose that ι > 0 exists such that

$∀ϖ,ϱ∈Ξwith ϖ⊥ϱ[d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)>0$$⇒ι+F(d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ))≤F(θ1d(ϖ,ϱ))+θ2d(ϖ,Ωϖ)+θ3d(ϖ,Ωϱ)+θ4d(ϖ,Ωϱ)+θ5d(ϱ,Ωϖ))],$

where F : ℝ+ → ℝ is an increasing mapping; θ1, θ2, θ3, θ4, θ5 are non-negative numbers; and $θ4<12$, θ3 < 1, θ1 + θ2 + θ3 +2θ4 = 1, 0 < θ1 + θ4 + θ5 ≤ 1, where Ω is ⊥-preserving. Then, Ω has a unique fixed-point tΞ, and for every ϖΞ, the sequence {Ωmϖ}m∈ℕ converges to t.

Proof

Because (Ξ, ⊥) is an O-set,

$∃ϖ0∈Ξ:(∀ϖ∈Ξ,ϖ⊥ϖ0) or (∀ϖ∈Ξ,ϖ0⊥ϖ).$

It follows that ϖ0⊥Ωϖ0 or Ωϖ0ϖ0. Let

$ϖ1:=Ωϖ0,⋯,ϖm+1:=Ωϖm=Ωm+1ϖ0,$

m ∈ ℕ∪{0}. If ϖm = ϖm+1 for any m ∈ ℕ∪{0}, it is then evident that ϖm is a fixed-point of Ω. We assume that ϖmϖm+1m ∈ ℕ∪{0}. Thus, we derive dϖm, Ωϖm+1) > 0 ∀m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}. Because Ω is ⊥-preserving, we obtain

$ϖm⊥ϖm+1 or ϖm+1⊥ϖm,$

m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}. This means that {ϖm} is an O-sequence. Hence, we presume that

$0

Now, let dm = d(ϖm, ϖm+1). Through the monotony of F, we derive ∀m ∈ ℕ

$ι+F(dm)=ι+F(d(ϖm,ϖm+1))=ι+F(d(Ωϖm-1,Ωϖm))≤F(θ1d(ϖm-1,ϖm)+θ2d(ϖm-1,Ωϖm-1)+θ3d(ϖm,Ωϖm)+θ4d(ϖm-1,Ωϖm)+θ5d(ϖm,Ωϖm-1))=F(θ1d(ϖm-1,ϖm)+θ2d(ϖm-1,ϖm)+θ3d(ϖm,ϖm+1)+θ4d(ϖm-1,ϖm+1)+θ5d(ϖm,ϖm))=F(θ1dm-1+θ2dm-1+θ3dm+θ4d(ϖm-1,ϖm+1))≤F(θ1dm-1+θ2dm-1+θ3dm+θ4(dm-1+dm))=F((θ1+θ2+θ4)dm-1+(θ3+θ4)dm).$

It proceeds that

$F(dm)≤F((θ1+θ2+θ4)dm-1+(θ3+θ4)dm)-ι

Thus, from the monotony of F, we derive

$dm<(θ1+θ2+θ4)dm-1+(θ3+θ4)dm,$

and hence

$(1-θ3-θ4)dm<(θ1+θ2+θ4)dm-1,$

m ∈ ℕ. Because θ3 ≠ 1 and θ1 + θ2 + θ3 + 2θ4 = 1, we conclude that 1 − θ3θ4 > 0, and thus

$dm<θ1+θ2+θ41-θ3-θ4dm-1=dm-1,$

m ∈ ℕ. Therefore, the sequence {dm}m∈ℕ is strictly decreasing, and thus, limm→∞dm = d. Suppose that d > 0. Because F is an increasing mapping, limϖd+F(ϖ) = F(d + 0). Because m → ∞ in Eq. (5) , we obtain F(d0- + 0) ≤ F(d + 0) − ι. Therefore,

$limm→∞ dm=0.$

Next, we prove that {ϖm}m∈ℕ is an O-Cauchy sequence. Suppose that ε > 0 and sequences {i(m)}m∈ℕ and {j(m)}m∈ℕ of natural numbers exist such that i(m) > j(m) > m,

$d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))>ɛ, d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m))≤ɛ,∀m∈ℕ.$

We derive

$ɛ

From Eq. (6), we obtain

$limm→∞d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))=ɛ.$

Because d(ϖi(m), ϖj(m)) > ε > 0 and the monotony of F, we obtain

$ι+F(d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m)))≤F(θ1d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m)-1)+θ2d(ϖi(m)-1,Ωϖi(m)-1)+θ3d(ϖj(m)-1,Ωϖj(m)-1)+θ4d(ϖi(m)-1,Ωϖj(m)-1)+θ5d(Ωϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m)-1))=F(θ1d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m)-1)+θ2d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖi(m))+θ3d(ϖj(m)-1,ϖj(m))+θ4d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m))+θ5d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m)-1))≤F(θ1 [d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))+di(m)-1+dj(m)-1]+θ2di(m)-1+θ3dj(m)-1+θ4 [d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))+di(m)-1]+θ5 [d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))+dj(m)-1])=F((θ1+θ4+θ5)d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))+(θ1+θ2+θ4)di(m)-1+(θ1+θ3+θ5)dj(m)-1)≤F(d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))+di(m)-1+(θ1+θ3+θ5)dj(m)-1).$

Because m → ∞, we derive ι+F(ε+0) ≤ F(ε+0). Therefore, {ϖm}m∈ℕ is an O-Cauchy sequence. Because (Ξ, d) is an O-complete metric space, we find that {ϖm}m∈ℕ converges to a certain point t in Ξ. If there exists a sequence {i(m)}m∈ℕ of natural numbers such that ϖi(m)+1 = Ωϖi(m) = Ωt, then limm→∞ϖi(m)+1 = t, and Ωt = t. Otherwise, there exists M ∈ ℕ such that ϖm+1 = Ωϖm ≠ Ωt, ∀mM. We assume that Ωtt. From Eq. (2), we obtain the following:

$ι+F(d(Ωϖm,Ωt))≤F(θ1d(ϖm,t)+θ2d(ϖm,Ωϖm)+θ3d(t,Ωt)+θ4d(ϖm,Ωt)+θ5d(Ωϖm,t)),$

and thus

$ι+F(d(Ωϖm,Ωt))=F(θ1d(ϖm,t)+θ2d(ϖm,ϖm+1)+θ3d(t,Ωt)+θ4d(ϖm,Ωt)+θ5d(ϖm+1,t)).$

Because F is increasing, we derive

$d(Ωϖm,Ωt)<θ1d(ϖm,t)+θ2d(ϖm,ϖm+1)+θ3d(t,Ωt)+θ4d(ϖm,Ωt)+θ5d(ϖm+1,t).$

Because m → ∞, we have

$d(t,Ωt)≤θ3d(t,Ωt)+θ4d(t,Ωt)

Therefore, Ωt = t. Let t, rΞ be two distinct fixed-points of Ω. Thus, Ωt = tr = Ωr. Hence, dt, Ωr) = d(t, r) > 0. Because 0 < θ1 + θ4 + θ5 ≤ 1, we obtain

$ι+F(d(t,r))=ι+F(d(Ωt,Ωr))≤F(θ1d(t,r)+θ2d(t,Ωt)+θ3d(r,Ωr)+θ4d(t,Ωr)+θ5d(r,Ωt))=F(θ1d(t,r)+θ4d(t,r)+θ5d(t,r))≤F((θ1+θ4+θ5)d(t,r)≤F(d(t,r)).$

Therefore, Ω has a unique fixed point.

### Corollary 3.2

Let (Ξ, ⊥, d) be an orthogonal-complete metric space and an orthogonal element ϖ0. Let Ω be a self-mapping of Ξ. Presume that F : ℝ+ → ℝ is an increasing mapping, and ι > 0 such that

$∀ϖ,ϱ∈Ξwith ϖ⊥ϱ[d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)>0⇒ι+F(d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)≤F(d(ϖ,ϱ)),$

for all ϖ, ϱΞ, and Ωϖ ≠ Ωϱ, where Ω is ⊥-preserving. Then, Ω has a unique fixed-point in Ξ.

### Example 3.3

Let Ξ = [0, 1]∪[2, 3] and d : Ξ × Ξ → [0, ∞) be a mapping defined by

$d(ϖ,ϱ)=max{ϖ,ϱ},$

for all ϖ, ϱΞ. We define the binary relation ⊥ on Ξ by ϖϱ if ϖϱ ≤ (ϖϱ), where ϖϱ = ϖ or ϱ. Then, (Ξ, d) is an O-complete metric space. The mapping Ω : ΞΞ is defined as

$Ωϱ={1,if ϱ∈[0,1],1ϱ,if ϱ∈[2,3].$

Clearly, Ω is ⊥-preserving. Now, let us consider mapping F defined by F(t) = ln t. Let ϖϱ and ι > 0. Without a loss of generality, we may assume that ϖϱϖ. Note that if dϖ, Ωϱ) > 0, then

$ι+F(d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ))≤F(d(ϖ,ϱ)), ∀ϖ,ϱ∈Ξ$

is equivalent to

$d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)≤e-ι(d(ϖ,ϱ)), ∀ϖ,ϱ∈Ξ.$

We are now considering the following cases:

### Case 1

Letting ϖ = 0 and ϱ ∈ [0, 1], then

$d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)=1 and d(ϖ,ϱ)=1.$

It is obvious that Eq. (9) is satisfied.

### Case 2

Letting ϖ = 0 and ϱ ∈ [2, 3], then

$d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)=1 and d(ϖ,ϱ)=ϱ.$

It is clear that Eq. (9) is satisfied.

### Case 3

Letting ϖ ∈ [0, 1] and ϱ ∈ (0, 1], then

$d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)=1 and d(ϖ,ϱ)=1.$

It is obvious that Eq. (9) is satisfied.

### Case 4

Letting ϖ ∈ [2, 3] and ϱ ∈ [0, 1], then

$d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)=1 and d(ϖ,ϱ)=1.$

It is obvious that Eq. (9) is satisfied.

Therefore, all conditions of Corollary (3.2) are satisfied. Hence, Ω has a unique fixed point in Ξ, that is, a point ϖ = 1.

### Theorem 3.4

Let Ω be a self-mapping of an orthogonal-complete metric space Ξ. Suppose that ι > 0 exists such that

$∀ϖ,ϱ∈Ξwith ϖ⊥ϱ[d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ)>0⇒ι+F(d(Ωϖ,Ωϱ))≤F(d(ϖ,ϱ))],$

where F : ℝ+ → ℝ is a mapping that satisfies the conditions (F2) and ($F3″$), where ($F3″$) F is continuous on (0, α), where α is a positive real number, and Ω is ⊥-preserving. Then, Ω has a unique fixed-point tΞ, and for every ϖΞ, the sequence {Ωmϖ}m∈ℕ converges to t.

Proof

Because (Ξ, ⊥) is an O-set,

$∃ϖ0∈Ξ:(∀ϖ∈Ξ,ϖ⊥ϖ0) or (∀ϖ∈Ξ,ϖ0⊥ϖ).$

It follows that ϖ0⊥Ωϖ0 or Ωϖ0ϖ0. Let

$ϖ1:=Ωϖ0,⋯,ϖm+1:=Ωϖm=Ωm+1ϖ0,$

for all m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}. If ϖm = ϖm+1 for any m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}, then it is evident that ϖm is a fixed point of Ω. We assume that ϖmϖm+1 for all m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}. Thus, we derive dϖm, Ωϖm+1) > 0 for all m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}. Because Ω is ⊥-preserving, we have the following:

$ϖm⊥ϖm+1 or ϖm+1⊥ϖm,$

for all m ∈ ℕ ∪ {0}. This means that {ϖm} is an O-sequence. Hence, we presume that

$0

From Eq. (10), we obtain

$ι+F(d(Ωϖm-1,Ωϖm))≤F(d(ϖm-1,ϖm)), ∀m∈ℕ.$

That is

$ι+F(d(ωϖm-1,Ωϖm))≤F(d(ϖm-1,ϖm))-ι=F(d(Ωϖm-2,Ωϖm-1))-ι≤F(d(Ωϖm-2,ϖm-1))-2ι=F(d(Ωϖm-3,Ωϖm-2))-2ι≤F(d(Ωϖm-3,ϖm-2))-3ι=F(d(Ωϖm-4,Ωϖm-3))-3ι≤…≤F(d(ϖ0,ϖ1))-mι.$

This means that

$limm→∞ F(d(ϖm,ϖm+1))=limm→∞ F(d(Ωϖm-1,Ωϖm))=-∞.$

By (F2), we derive the following:

$limm→∞ F(d(ϖm,ϖm+1))=0.$

Next, we prove that {ϖm}m∈ℕ is an O-Cauchy sequence. Suppose that 0 < ε < α and sequences {i(m)}m∈ℕ and {j(m)}m∈ℕ of natural numbers exist such that

$i(m)>j(m)>m, d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))≥ɛ,d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m))<ɛ,∀m∈ℕ.$

Based on the proof of Theorem 3.1, we have

$limm→∞ d(ϖi(m),ϖj(m))=limm→∞ d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m)-1)=ɛ.$

From (10), we obtain

$ι+F(d(Ωϖi(m)-1,Ωϖj(m)0-1))≤F(d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m)-1)), ∀m∈ℕ.$

This means

$ι+F(d(Ωϖi(m),Ωϖj(m)))≤F(d(ϖi(m)-1,ϖj(m)-1)), ∀m∈ℕ.$

Because m → ∞, using ($F3″$), we obtain ι + F(ε) ≤ F(ε). Therefore, {ϖm}m∈ℕ is an O-Cauchy sequence. Because (Ξ, d) is an orthogonal-complete metric space, {ϖm}m∈ℕ converges to a certain point t in Ξ. Next, we prove that t is a fixed-point of Ω. Otherwise, Ωtt. If a sequence {i(m)}m∈ℕ of natural numbers exists such that ϖi(m)+1 = Ωϖi(m) = Ωt, then limm→∞ϖi(m)+1 = t and Ωt = t. Therefore, there exists M ∈ ℕ such that ϖm+1 = Ωϖm ≠ Ωt, ∀mM. Then, from Eq. (10), we obtain

$ι+F(d(ϖm+1,Ωt))≤F(d(ϖm,t)), ∀m∈ℕ.$

Because m → ∞, using ($F3″$), we obtain limm→∞F(d(ϖm+1, Ωt)) = −∞. Consequently, by (F2), we obtain limm→∞d(ϖm+1, Ωt) = 0, which allows d(t, Ωt) = 0. Therefore, t is a fixed point of Ω, and the uniqueness yields the same results as in the proof of Theorem 3.1.

### 4. Applications

Recall that, for any 1 ≤ p < ∞, the space Lp(Ξ, F, λ) (or Lp(Ξ)) consists of all values of complex-valued measurable β on the underlying space Ξ satisfying

$∫Ξ∣β(w)∣pdλ(w),$

where F is the σ-algebra of the measurable sets, and λ is the measure. When p = 1, the space L1(Ξ) consists of all integrable functions β on Ξ, and we define the L1-norm of β as

$‖β‖1=∫Ξ∣β(w)∣dλ(w).$

In this section, using Corollary 3.2, we show the existence of a solution to the following differential equation:

${j′(r)=H(r,j(r)),a.e. r∈I:=[0,T];j(0)=c,c≥1,$

where G : I × ℝ → ℝ is an integrable function that satisfies the following conditions:

• (i) G(s, y) ≥ 0 for all y ≥ 0 and sI;

• (ii) for each p, qL1(I) with p(s)q(s) ≥ l(s) or p(s)q(s) ≥ q(s) for all sI, there exist γL1(I) and ι > 0 such that

$∣G(s,p(s))-G(s,p(s))∣≤γ(s)1+ιγ(s)∣p(s)-q(s)∣,$

and

$∣p(s)-q(s)∣≤γ(s)eU(s), ∀s∈I,$

where $U(s):=∫0s∣γ(l)∣dl$.

### Theorem 4.1

Consider the differential Eq. (16). If (i) and (ii) are satisfied, then the differential Eq. (16) has a unique positive solution.

Proof

Let Ξ = {wC(I, ℝ) : w(r) > 0 ∀rI}. The orthogonality relation ⊥ on Ξ is defined as

$p⊥q⇔p(r)q(r)≥p(r) or p(r)q(r)≥q(r), ∀r∈I.$

Because $U(r):=∫0r∣γ(s)∣ds$, we have U′(r) = |γ(r)| for almost all rI. We define a mapping d : Ξ × Ξ → [0, ∞) as

$d(p,q)=‖p-q‖U=supr∈I e-U(r)∣p(r)-q(r)∣, ∀p,q∈Ξ.$

Thus, (Ξ, d) is a metric space and a complete metric space. We define a mapping Q : ΞΞ by

$(Qp)(r)=c+∫orG(s,p(s))ds.$

Now, we show that Q is ⊥-preserving. For each p, qW with pq and rI, we have

$(Qp)(r)=c+∫orG(s,p(s))ds≥1.$

Accordingly, [(Qp)(r)][(Qq)(r)] ≥ (Qq)(r), and thus (Qp)(r)⊥(Qq)(r). Then, Q is ⊥-preserving. Let p, qΞ, where pq. Suppose that Q(p) ≠ Q(q). For each sI, we have

$∣p(s)-q(s)∣≤γ(s)eU(s),$

and thus

$d(p,q)=sups∈I e-U(s)∣p(s)-q(s)∣≤γ(s).$

Accordingly,

$1+ιd(p,q)≤1+ιγ(s).$

From (ii), for each rI, we derive

$∣(Qp)(r)-(Qq)(r)∣≤∫0r∣G(s,p(s))-G(s,q(s))∣ds≤∫0r∣γ(s)∣1+ιγ(s)∣p(s)-q(s)∣ds≤∫0r∣γ(s)∣1+ιd(p,q)∣p(s)-q(s)∣e-U(s)eU(s)ds≤d(p,q)1+ιd(p,q)∫0r∣γ(s)∣eU(s)ds≤d(p,q)1+τd(p,q)(eU(r)-1),$

and thus

$e-U(r)∣(Qp)(r)-(Qq)(r)∣≤e-U(r)(eU(r)-1)d(p,q)1+ιd(p,q)=(1-e-U(r))d(p,q)1+ιd(p,q)≤(1-e-‖β‖1)d(p,q)1+ιd(p,q).$

Therefore, we obtain

$d(Qp,Qq)≤d(p,q)1+ιd(p,q),1+ιd(p,q)d(p,q)≤1d(Qp,Qq),ι+1d(p,q)≤1d(Qp,Qq),τ-1d(Qp,Qq)≤-1d(p,q).$

Thus, F : ℝ+ → ℝ by $F(b)=-1b$ for all b > 0. By Corollary 3.2, Q has a unique fixed point; hence, the differential Eq. (16) has a unique positive solution.

### 5. Conclusion

In this article, we demonstrated fixed-point theorems for orthogonal F-contraction mappings on an orthogonal-complete metric space.

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