Parkinson’s disease detection system flow.

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Oversampling process using synthetic minority oversampling technique: (a) unbalanced dataset, (b) adding synthetic data from minority class, and (c) balanced dataset.

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Lasso regression graph in case area where θ is error function.

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HSIC Lasso method flow.

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K-nearest neighbors method overview.

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Support vector machine method overview.

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Multilayer perceptron method overview.

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ROC curve graph.

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Selected feature score Little et al. [7] dataset.

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Distribution selected feature Little et al. [7] dataset.

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Selected feature score Naranjo et al. [14] dataset.

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Distribution selected feature Naranjo et al. [14] dataset.

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Distribution selected feature Sakar et al. [8] dataset.

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ROC graph result: (a) targeting Parkinson’s disease class and (b) targeting normal class Sakar et al. [8] dataset.

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ROC graph result: (a) targeting Parkinson’s disease class and (b) targeting normal class Naranjo et al. [14] dataset.

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ROC graph result: (a) targeting Parkinson’s disease class and (b) targeting normal class Sakar et al. [8] dataset.

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